Hudson's Bay Company

 The Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) has a complex and often dark history in Canada, particularly in British Columbia. Founded in 1670 as a fur trading enterprise, HBC played a major role in colonization, Indigenous displacement, and economic expansion. While the company was once beloved for its department stores, its legacy is deeply tied to colonial exploitation.

HBC’s Colonial History in BC

Before British Columbia became a province in 1871, HBC controlled vast territories in the Pacific Northwest through its trading posts. Fort Vancouver (1825) and later Fort Langley (1827) were key in the fur trade, bringing European goods to Indigenous communities while extracting furs—mainly beaver pelts—for global markets. HBC essentially acted as a governing body in these regions, shaping early colonial policies and claiming lands without Indigenous consent.

Smallpox and Biological Warfare Allegations

One of the most controversial aspects of HBC’s history is the role it may have played in the spread of smallpox. Some historical accounts suggest that infected blankets were intentionally distributed to Indigenous communities as a form of biological warfare. While definitive proof linking HBC directly to this practice is debated, it is undeniable that European traders, settlers, and officials knowingly facilitated the spread of diseases that devastated Indigenous populations, with smallpox outbreaks in BC killing tens of thousands.

The Transition from Fur Trade to Retail Empire

By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, HBC shifted from fur trading to retail, opening stores across Canada, including in Vancouver and Victoria. These department stores became iconic, selling everything from clothing to home goods. The signature multi-stripe wool blanket, which originated in the 18th century as part of the fur trade, became a beloved Canadian symbol—despite its controversial historical associations.

The Decline of HBC Stores

Over the last few decades, HBC’s retail business struggled due to changing consumer habits, competition from global brands, and economic downturns. Many flagship locations in Canada, including in Vancouver, have closed or are being repurposed. The downtown Vancouver store, a historic landmark, was sold to an Indigenous-led developer in 2022, marking a significant shift in land ownership.

HBC’s Legacy in BC Today

The closure of HBC stores marks the end of an era, yet the company’s legacy continues to spark debate. Some view HBC as a historical institution that shaped Canada’s economy, while others see it as a symbol of colonialism and Indigenous oppression. The renewed interest in HBC blankets—whether for nostalgia or criticism—reflects the ongoing conversation about reconciliation and Canada’s colonial past.